An estimated 16 million people were in forced labor in the private economy in 2016. More women than men are affected by privately imposed forced labor, with 9.2 million (57.6 percent) female and 6.8 million (42.4 percent) male. Half of these men and women (51 percent) were in debt bondage, in which personal-debt is used to forcibly obtain labor. This proportion rises above 70 percent for adults who were forced to work in agriculture, domestic work, or manufacturing. Among cases where the type of work was known, the largest share of adults who were in forced labor were domestic workers (24 percent). This was followed by the construction (18 percent), manufacturing (15 percent), and agriculture and fishing (11 percent) sectors. Most victims of forced labor suffered multiple forms of coercion from employers or recruiters as a way of preventing them from being able to leave the situation. Nearly one-quarter of victims (24 percent) had their wages withheld or were prevented from leaving by threats of non-payment of due wages. This was followed by threats of violence (17 percent), acts of physical violence (16 percent), and threats against family (12 percent). For women, 7 per cent of victims reported acts of sexual violence.
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